Ellipsis and Structure Reduction
Explicação
Advanced learners spell everything out and the text turns correct but heavy. Native German cuts what is already clear — that economy is what separates C1 from well-made B2.
Only cut what the reader can reconstruct unambiguously. If the reduction obscures the agent, it is not allowed.
Ellipsis
Er trinkt Kaffee und sie [trinkt] Tee. → Er trinkt Kaffee und sie Tee.
Relative clause → participial construction
| Relative clause | Reduced | Participle |
|---|---|---|
| der Mann, der das Buch liest | der das Buch lesende Mann | I — active, simultaneous |
| die Aufgabe, die abgeschlossen wurde | die abgeschlossene Aufgabe | II — passive, completed |
dass-clause → zu-infinitive
Er behauptet, unschuldig zu sein. (same subject only)
⚠️ Watch out
✗ die gelesene Frau for "the woman who reads"
✓ die lesende Frau
Partizip II is passive — die gelesene Frau would mean "the woman who was read".
🧠 Partizip I = active and ongoing · Partizip II = passive and finished · same subject → zu-infinitive.
Exemplos
Der von der Kommission eingereichte Bericht wurde diskutiert.
The report submitted by the commission was discussed.
Er bestreitet, daran beteiligt gewesen zu sein.
He denies having been involved in it.
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Crie uma conta grátis e pratique todos os tópicos do A1 ao C2.
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